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The cornerstone—a foundational element in the construction of ancient buildings—has profound theological implications in the Judeo-Christian tradition. While its primary architectural function was to set the trajectory for the rest of the structure, its symbolic significance in Scripture offers a rich tapestry of insights into the person and work of Jesus Christ. Today, we explore the Biblical references to the cornerstone and its implications for our understanding of Christ and His role in the church.
Historical Context
In ancient construction practices, the cornerstone was not merely a decorative or ceremonial piece; it was integral to the building's integrity. Placed at the foundational corner, it ensured that the subsequent stones were aligned correctly. Its significance was both functional and symbolic, representing the building's solidity and durability.
Scriptural References
The Old Testament, particularly in the writings of the prophets, employs the cornerstone as a symbol of both judgment and salvation. Isaiah describes the Lord laying in Zion as "a tested stone, a precious cornerstone for a sure foundation" (Isaiah 28:16, ESV). This prophecy, written during a tumultuous period in Israel's history, pointed to a future hope anchored in God's promises.
The psalmist, in a song of thanksgiving, notes, "The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone" (Psalm 118:22, ESV). This verse, which foreshadows Christ's rejection and eventual exaltation, is quoted by Jesus Himself to emphasize His Messianic identity and mission (Matthew 21:42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17).
Jesus is the Cornerstone
The New Testament writers, drawing from these Old Testament texts, unequivocally identify Jesus as this prophesied cornerstone. Paul, writing to the Ephesians, describes the church as "built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone" (Ephesians 2:20, ESV). In this Pauline vision, Jesus not only undergirds the structure but also ensures its unity and coherence.
Peter, drawing from the Septuagint's translation of Isaiah 28:16, describes Jesus as "a living stone rejected by men but in the sight of God chosen and precious" (1 Peter 2:4, ESV). He further amalgamates various Old Testament references, underscoring the twofold response to Christ: for believers, He is the cornerstone, but for unbelievers, He is "a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense" (1 Peter 2:8, ESV).
As you come to him, a living stone rejected by men but in the sight of God chosen and precious, you yourselves like living stones are being built up as a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. For it stands in Scripture: "Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone, a cornerstone chosen and precious, and whoever believes in him will not be put to shame." So the honor is for you who believe, but for those who do not believe, "The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone, and "A stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense." They stumble because they disobey the word, as they were destined to do. But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.
1 Peter 2:4-9 (ESV)
Theological Implications
The imagery of the cornerstone encapsulates the paradox of Christ's ministry. He was both the rejected stone and the chief cornerstone, embodying the tensions of judgment and grace. The cornerstone imagery reinforces the centrality of Christ in God's redemptive plan and the church's foundation.
Furthermore, the cornerstone also serves as a clarion call for believers. Just as the cornerstone ensures the building's alignment, Christ provides direction and purpose for the believer's life. Anchoring one's life in Christ ensures spiritual stability and alignment with God's will.
Observations of the Church Fathers
The Church Fathers, building on this rich scriptural imagery, delved deeper into its theological ramifications. Augustine of Hippo, in his "Expositions on the Psalms," elaborated on Psalm 118:22, emphasizing Christ's dual role as both the rejected stone and the foundation of the church3. Similarly, Justin Martyr, in his "Dialogue with Trypho," employed the cornerstone imagery to defend Christ's divinity and His fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies4.
The cornerstone, a seemingly mundane architectural element, becomes, in the hands of Biblical writers, a profound symbol of Christ's centrality and significance. It serves as a vivid reminder of God's redemptive plan, Christ's pivotal role in it, and the believer's call to anchor their lives in Him.
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