The Names of God in the Old Testament

The names of God in the Old Testament offer profound insights into His character and attributes. Each name reveals a different aspect of His divine nature, illuminating His relationship with humanity and His role in the cosmos. Scripture provides us with various names by which God is known, each with a unique meaning that helps deepen our understanding of who He is. As the Psalmist writes, "Let them praise the name of the LORD, for His name alone is exalted; His majesty is above earth and heaven" (Psalm 148:13, ESV). In the Biblical world, names carried significant weight, often describing not just identification but also revealing deeper truths about one’s identity, purpose, and character. The names of God, as presented throughout Scripture, encapsulate His holiness, majesty, mercy, and provision.

When we explore these names in the Old Testament, we recognize the multifaceted nature of God. He is our Creator, Sustainer, Healer, and Provider. He is holy, righteous, and just. Understanding the names of God helps us approach Him with reverence and awe, as each name invites us to contemplate His divine attributes and His desire to relate intimately with His people. This blog post will explore key names of God in the Old Testament, referencing the English Standard Version (ESV) of the Bible, to provide a comprehensive theological reflection on God’s revealed nature.

El Shaddai (Lord God Almighty)

The name El Shaddai, meaning "Lord God Almighty," is one of the most powerful designations of God in the Old Testament. First mentioned in Genesis 17:1, when God appeared to Abram and said, "I am God Almighty; walk before me, and be blameless" (Genesis 17:1, ESV), El Shaddai is a name that emphasizes God’s omnipotence. The Hebrew word Shaddai is derived from a root that means "to overpower" or "to destroy," signifying God's ability to do anything and to provide strength and sustenance. 

El is another word that is often translated as "God" and signifies strength. Combined, El Shaddai highlights God as both powerful and nurturing. In some interpretations, Shaddai may also be connected to the Hebrew word for "breast," implying nourishment and sustenance, which reinforces God’s role as a provider who nourishes His people. This name assures us that God is not only all-powerful but also deeply concerned with the well-being of His children, supplying all their needs.

El Elyon (The Most High God)

The name El Elyon refers to "The Most High God" and occurs prominently in Genesis 14:18, where Melchizedek, king of Salem, blesses Abram in the name of El Elyon, "Possessor of heaven and earth" (Genesis 14:18, ESV). El Elyon denotes God's supreme authority and sovereignty over all creation. The term Elyon means "high" or "exalted," and when coupled with El, it underscores God's position as the ruler above all rulers, the King of kings.

This name also speaks to the transcendence of God. While He is intimately involved with His creation, He is also far above it, reigning supreme. Psalm 57:2 further illustrates this name: "I cry out to God Most High, to God who fulfills his purpose for me" (Psalm 57:2, ESV). In this instance, we are reminded that God’s plans are higher than ours, and His purposes will prevail because He reigns above all earthly powers.

Adonai (Lord, Master)

Adonai is a name that emphasizes God's authority and lordship over all. It is used more than 400 times in the Old Testament, often in contexts where God’s sovereignty and power are on display. One of the earliest occurrences is in Genesis 15:2, where Abram says, "O Lord GOD, what will you give me, for I continue childless?" (Genesis 15:2, ESV). Here, Adonai reflects Abram’s recognition of God's absolute control over his life and future.

The name Adonai comes from the root word adon, meaning "master" or "lord." In Hebrew, the plural form Adonai is used as a respectful and reverential term for God, highlighting His authority and dominion. This name conveys the idea that God is the Master over all creation, and we are His servants, called to submit to His will.

Yahweh (Lord, Jehovah)

Yahweh is the most frequently used name of God in the Old Testament, appearing more than 6,000 times. First revealed to Moses at the burning bush, Yahweh is the name that signifies God’s eternal and self-existent nature. In Exodus 3:14, God declares to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM," and instructs him to say to the people of Israel, "I AM has sent me to you" (Exodus 3:14, ESV). The name Yahweh is derived from the Hebrew root that means "to be" and is closely connected to God’s declaration of His eternal existence.

Yahweh is often translated as "LORD" in most English translations of the Bible, including the ESV. This name, often called the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), signifies God’s faithfulness to His covenant promises and His intimate relationship with Israel. Yahweh is not a distant, unknowable deity but a personal and present God who desires a relationship with His people.

Jehovah Nissi (The Lord My Banner)

The name Jehovah Nissi is used in Exodus 17:15, where Moses builds an altar after a victorious battle against the Amalekites and names it, "The LORD is my banner" (Exodus 17:15, ESV). Nissi means "banner" in Hebrew, and in this context, it signifies that God is the one under whom His people march and through whom victory is achieved.

In ancient warfare, banners were a rallying point for soldiers, a symbol of victory and protection. By calling God Jehovah Nissi, Moses acknowledges that the Lord is the source of Israel’s victory. This name reminds us that in the spiritual battles we face, we are to rally under the banner of God, trusting in His power to deliver us.

Jehovah-Raah (The Lord My Shepherd)

One of the most beloved names of God is Jehovah-Raah, meaning "The Lord My Shepherd." It is famously used in Psalm 23:1, where David writes, "The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want" (Psalm 23:1, ESV). The name Raah comes from a Hebrew root that means "to feed" or "to shepherd," and it speaks to God’s role as a guide, protector, and provider for His people.

Just as a shepherd cares for his sheep, guiding them to green pastures and protecting them from danger, so too does God care for His people. This name emphasizes the intimacy and care God has for us, as He leads and provides for us on the paths of righteousness.

Jehovah Rapha (The Lord That Heals)

The name Jehovah Rapha, meaning "The Lord Who Heals," is found in Exodus 15:26, where God promises the Israelites that if they remain faithful to His commandments, "I will put none of the diseases on you that I put on the Egyptians, for I am the LORD, your healer" (Exodus 15:26, ESV). The Hebrew word rapha means "to heal" or "to restore," and this name reflects God’s power to heal both physical and spiritual ailments.

Throughout the Old Testament, God reveals Himself as the healer of His people. He heals their diseases, restores their land, and most importantly, offers healing for their sins through repentance. The name Jehovah Rapha assures us that God is the ultimate healer, capable of restoring us to wholeness.

Jehovah Shammah (The Lord Is There)

The name Jehovah Shammah, meaning "The Lord Is There," is found in Ezekiel 48:35, which prophesies the future restoration of Jerusalem: "And the name of the city from that time on shall be, The LORD Is There" (Ezekiel 48:35, ESV). This name is a powerful reminder of God’s presence with His people.

In times of exile and abandonment, the Israelites longed for the return of God’s presence in their midst. Jehovah Shammah reflects the promise that God would never forsake His people and would one day dwell with them again. For believers today, this name reminds us that God is always present with us, even in our darkest moments.

Jehovah Tsidkenu (The Lord Our Righteousness)

The name Jehovah Tsidkenu means "The Lord Our Righteousness" and is first found in Jeremiah 23:6, where the prophet speaks of a future king from David’s line: "In his days Judah will be saved, and Israel will dwell securely. And this is the name by which he will be called: ‘The LORD is our righteousness’" (Jeremiah 23:6, ESV). The Hebrew word tsidkenu means "righteousness" or "justice," and this name highlights God as the source of all righteousness.

Through Jesus Christ, this prophecy is fulfilled, as He becomes the righteousness of God for us. As Paul writes in 2 Corinthians 5:21, "For our sake he made him to be sin

 who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God" (2 Corinthians 5:21, ESV). Jehovah Tsidkenu points us to the perfect righteousness that is available through faith in Christ.

Jehovah Mekoddishkem (The Lord Who Sanctifies You)

Jehovah Mekoddishkem, meaning "The Lord Who Sanctifies You," is found in Exodus 31:13, where God instructs the Israelites to observe the Sabbath: "You are to speak to the people of Israel and say, ‘Above all you shall keep my Sabbaths, for this is a sign between me and you throughout your generations, that you may know that I, the LORD, sanctify you’" (Exodus 31:13, ESV). The Hebrew word mekoddishkem comes from the root qadash, meaning "to set apart" or "to make holy."

This name reveals that God is the one who sanctifies His people, setting them apart for His holy purposes. Sanctification is both a divine act and a process, as God works in the lives of believers to make them holy. As we grow in our faith, we are continually being sanctified by Jehovah Mekoddishkem.

El Olam (The Everlasting God)

El Olam means "The Everlasting God" and is first used in Genesis 21:33, where Abraham calls upon the name of the Lord: "Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba and called there on the name of the LORD, the Everlasting God" (Genesis 21:33, ESV). The name Olam is derived from a root that means "eternity" or "everlasting."

This name emphasizes God’s eternal nature. He has no beginning and no end. As Isaiah 40:28 declares, "The LORD is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth" (Isaiah 40:28, ESV). This name assures us that God’s promises and purposes are eternal, and His sovereignty will endure forever.

Elohim (God)

The name Elohim is one of the most commonly used names for God in the Old Testament, occurring over 2,000 times. It is the name used in Genesis 1:1: "In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis 1:1, ESV). The name Elohim is a plural form of the Hebrew word El, meaning "God," and it reflects the majesty and power of the Creator.

The plural form of Elohim also hints at the complexity of God’s nature, which Christians understand as the Trinity—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Elohim signifies God’s power as the Creator of all things and His authority over the universe.

Qanna (Jealous)

The name Qanna, meaning "Jealous," is found in Exodus 20:5, where God warns the Israelites not to worship other gods: "You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the LORD your God am a jealous God" (Exodus 20:5, ESV). The word qanna comes from a root that means "to envy" or "to be zealous."

This name reflects God’s passionate desire for the exclusive devotion of His people. Just as a husband or wife would be jealous for the love of their spouse, God is jealous for the love and worship of His people. Qanna reminds us that God will not tolerate idolatry or divided loyalties.

Jehovah Jireh (The Lord Will Provide)

Jehovah Jireh means "The Lord Will Provide" and is famously used in Genesis 22:14, after God provides a ram for Abraham to sacrifice in place of his son Isaac: "So Abraham called the name of that place, ‘The LORD will provide’; as it is said to this day, ‘On the mount of the LORD it shall be provided’" (Genesis 22:14, ESV). This name reveals God as the provider of all things, both physical and spiritual.

Abraham’s experience on Mount Moriah foreshadows God’s ultimate provision of His Son, Jesus Christ, as the sacrificial Lamb who takes away the sins of the world. Jehovah Jireh assures us that God will meet all our needs according to His perfect will.

Jehovah Shalom (The Lord Is Peace)

The name Jehovah Shalom means "The Lord Is Peace" and is found in Judges 6:24, where Gideon builds an altar to the Lord after receiving a divine message: "Then Gideon built an altar there to the LORD and called it, The LORD Is Peace" (Judges 6:24, ESV). The Hebrew word shalom means "peace," "wholeness," or "completeness."

Jehovah Shalom speaks to God’s ability to bring peace in the midst of chaos and conflict. For Gideon, this name was a declaration of trust in God’s promise of victory and deliverance. In a world full of turmoil, Jehovah Shalom reminds us that true peace comes only from God.

Jehovah Sabaoth (The Lord of Hosts)

The name Jehovah Sabaoth means "The Lord of Hosts" and is first used in 1 Samuel 1:3, where Elkanah goes to worship and sacrifice to the LORD of hosts at Shiloh. Sabaoth means "armies" or "hosts," referring to the angelic and celestial beings who serve the Lord.

This name emphasizes God’s sovereignty over all spiritual and earthly armies. He is the commander of the hosts of heaven, and His power is unmatched. Jehovah Sabaoth reminds us that God is the ultimate authority and protector of His people, able to fight on their behalf.

Conclusion

The names of God in the Old Testament reveal the depth and complexity of His nature. Each name provides insight into a different aspect of His character, whether it be His power, His provision, His righteousness, or His peace. As we reflect on these names, we are reminded of the majesty of God and His desire to be in relationship with His people. By understanding the names of God, we can deepen our worship and trust in Him, knowing that He is all we need in every circumstance.

Through the names El Shaddai, El Elyon, Adonai, Yahweh, Jehovah Nissi, Jehovah-Raah, Jehovah Rapha, Jehovah Shammah, Jehovah Tsidkenu, Jehovah Mekoddishkem, El Olam, Elohim, Qanna, Jehovah Jireh, Jehovah Shalom, and Jehovah Sabaoth, we are given a fuller picture of the God we serve—a God who is Almighty, Everlasting, and intimately involved in the lives of His people. Let us continue to hallow His name, revering the one true God who reveals Himself to us through His Word, the Bible.