Giving to God and Caesar

The encounter between Jesus and the Pharisees, as recorded in Mark 12:13-17, is a profound example of the theological depth and wisdom that characterizes Jesus’ teachings. This passage not only highlights the brilliance of Jesus in responding to a cleverly devised trap but also provides an opportunity to delve into the deeper theological implications of His response. At the heart of this encounter is the question of allegiance and the relationship between God and earthly authorities, encapsulated in Jesus’ famous declaration, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s” (Mark 12:17, ESV). When examined through the lens of Mark 12:13-17 and Genesis 1:27, this statement unveils a rich tapestry of theological truths about human identity, divine sovereignty, and the Christian’s duty to God and society.

The Context and Intent of the Pharisees

The context of Mark 12:13-17 is crucial for understanding the full weight of Jesus’ response. The Pharisees and Herodians, typically political adversaries, unite with a common goal: to entrap Jesus in His words (Mark 12:13, ESV). Their question, “Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not?” (Mark 12:14, ESV), is designed to force Jesus into a dilemma. If He advocates paying taxes, He risks alienating the Jewish populace, many of whom despise Roman rule. On the other hand, if He opposes the tax, He risks inciting the wrath of the Roman authorities.

The question posed by the Pharisees is not merely political; it is laden with theological significance. The tax in question is the poll tax, a symbol of Roman oppression, and the coin used to pay it, the denarius, bears the image of Tiberius Caesar along with an inscription declaring him “the Divine Augustus.” The use of this coin was a daily reminder of Roman authority and, for many Jews, a blasphemous assertion of divinity. Thus, the Pharisees’ question is about civic duty and the legitimacy of recognizing Caesar’s authority in light of God’s sovereignty.

Jesus’ Profound Response

Jesus’ response, as is often the case in the Gospels, transcends the immediate question and addresses the deeper issue at hand. He first exposes the hypocrisy of the Pharisees, who, despite their supposed piety, are complicit in using Roman currency (Mark 12:15, ESV). By asking them to produce a denarius, Jesus subtly highlights their participation in the very system they seek to condemn Him for supporting.

“Whose image and inscription is this?” Jesus asks (Mark 12:16, ESV). The answer is obvious: “Caesar’s.” This acknowledgment leads to Jesus’ famous statement: “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s” (Mark 12:17, ESV). In this masterful response, Jesus avoids the trap set for Him while simultaneously asserting a profound theological truth.

The Theological Implications: Image and Ownership

The concept of “image” is central to Jesus’ response and invites us to explore the theological significance of being made in the image of God. In Genesis 1:27, we read, “So God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them” (Genesis 1:27, ESV). This foundational verse establishes that every human being bears the image of God, a concept known as the *Imago Dei*. The image on the coin denotes ownership; it belongs to Caesar. By implication, the image of God stamped on humanity denotes that we belong to God.

Jesus’ statement, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s,” acknowledges the legitimacy of earthly authorities within their proper sphere. Governmental authorities, represented by Caesar, have a rightful claim to certain things, such as taxes, as Paul also affirms in Romans 13:6-7: “For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing. Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed” (Romans 13:6-7, ESV).

However, Jesus’ response does not end with Caesar; it immediately pivots to God: “And to God the things that are God’s” (Mark 12:17, ESV). Just as the coin bears Caesar’s image and thus belongs to Caesar, so too does humanity bear God’s image and thus belong to God. This profound truth, revealed in Jesus' response, carries significant implications for understanding human identity and our responsibilities before God.

Humanity as Bearers of God’s Image

The Imago Dei is a theological concept with vast implications for understanding human nature, dignity, and purpose. Being made in God’s image means that we reflect certain attributes of God, such as rationality, morality, creativity, and the capacity for relationships. However, the Imago Dei is not merely about attributes; it also signifies that we belong to God and are accountable to Him. The profound implications of the Imago Dei underscore the weight of its theological significance.

In bearing God’s image, humans are called to live in a way that reflects His character and fulfills His purposes. It also includes exercising dominion over creation (Genesis 1:28, ESV), engaging in relationships that mirror the relational nature of the Trinity, and living in holiness, righteousness, and love. The *Imago Dei* also confers inherent dignity and worth upon every person, regardless of their status, race, or abilities. This understanding challenges any worldview that seeks to diminish the value of human life or reduce individuals to mere economic or social units.

The Pharisees’ question, intended to trap Jesus, unwittingly opens the door to this rich theological reflection. By affirming that Caesar has a rightful claim to certain things, Jesus does not diminish God’s sovereignty but rather places earthly authorities within the broader context of divine authority. At the same time, by affirming that we owe God what is His—ourselves—Jesus calls us to a life of total devotion and obedience to God.

What is Owed to God?

Jesus’ statement raises a crucial question: What exactly is owed to God? If we bear God’s image, what does rendering to God involve?

1. Worship and Obedience: At the core of what we owe to God is worship. Deuteronomy 6:5’s command is clear: “You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might” (Deuteronomy 6:5, ESV). Worship is not merely an act but a lifestyle of devotion, where every aspect of our being is oriented towards God. Obedience to God’s commands is a natural outflow of true worship. As Jesus said, “If you love me, you will keep my commandments” (John 14:15, ESV).

2. Holiness and Righteousness: God calls His people to be holy as He is holy (1 Peter 1:16, ESV). Holiness involves living a life that is set apart for God, characterized by righteousness, justice, and love. As bearers of God’s image, we are to reflect His character in our actions, attitudes, and relationships.

3. Service and Stewardship: The *Imago Dei* also entails a responsibility to serve God by serving others and stewarding His creation. In Matthew 25:40, Jesus teaches that service to others, especially the least among us, is service to Him: “And the King will answer them, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers, you did it to me’” (Matthew 25:40, ESV). Stewardship of creation is another aspect of this service, as we are called to “work and keep” the earth (Genesis 2:15, ESV) in a way that honors God.

4. Faithfulness and Trust: Finally, rendering to God what is God’s involves living in faithfulness and trust. It means trusting in God’s sovereignty, even in the face of earthly authorities and challenges. Hebrews 11:6 reminds us that “without faith it is impossible to please Him, for whoever would draw near to God must believe that He exists and that He rewards those who seek Him” (Hebrews 11:6, ESV).

The Dual Allegiance of Christians

The relationship between what is owed to Caesar and what is owed to God highlights the dual allegiance that Christians must navigate. We are called to be good citizens, respecting and submitting to earthly authorities, as long as such submission does not conflict with our primary allegiance to God. This dual allegiance is not a contradiction but a recognition that all authority ultimately derives from God.

In Romans 13:1, Paul writes, “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God” (Romans 13:1, ESV). This verse affirms that governmental authority is part of God’s order, so Christians are to respect and obey it. However, when the demands of earthly authorities conflict with God’s commands, our allegiance to God must take precedence. This allegiance is vividly illustrated in the Book of Acts, where Peter and the apostles, when commanded to stop preaching in the name of Jesus, boldly declare, “We must obey God rather than men” (Acts 5:29, ESV).

The tension between these two allegiances has been a recurring theme throughout Christian history. From the early martyrs who refused to worship the Roman emperors to contemporary Christians facing persecution for their faith, the challenge of balancing respect for earthly authorities with fidelity to God remains ever-relevant. Jesus’ response in Mark 12 provides a framework for navigating this tension: We render to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, recognizing the legitimacy of earthly governance, but we render to God what belongs to God, acknowledging His ultimate sovereignty over all aspects of life.

The Final Judgment and Ultimate Allegiance

Jesus’ teaching in Mark 12:13-17 also points to the ultimate reality of God’s final judgment. While we may navigate the complexities of dual allegiance in this life, there will come a time when God’s kingdom will be fully realized, and all earthly authorities will be subject to His rule. Revelation 11:15 declares, “The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever” (Revelation 11:15, ESV). In this ultimate sense, our allegiance to God is not merely one among many but the all-encompassing reality that defines our existence.

In the light of this eschatological hope, the call to render to God what is God’s takes on an even greater urgency. We are not merely citizens of earthly kingdoms but are, as Paul writes in Philippians 3:20, “citizens of heaven” (Philippians 3:20, ESV). Our lives, therefore, are to be lived in anticipation of the coming kingdom, where God’s will is done on earth as it is in heaven.

Conclusion

The encounter between Jesus and the Pharisees in Mark 12:13-17, far from being a mere political debate, is a profound theological discourse that touches on the nature of authority, the image of God in humanity, and the Christian’s duty to both God and society. Jesus’ response, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s,” encapsulates a truth that is as relevant today as it was two thousand years ago.

As bearers of God’s image, we are called to render to Him our whole selves—our worship, obedience, holiness, service, and trust. At the same time, we recognize the legitimate role of earthly authorities and our responsibility to live as good citizens. However, when these authorities demand what belongs to God alone, our allegiance to Him must take precedence.

In the end, the question posed by the Pharisees and answered by Jesus is not merely about taxes or political allegiance but the fundamental question of who we are and to whom we belong. In bearing God’s image, we are His, and our ultimate allegiance is to Him. May we, therefore, live our lives in such a way that we truly render to God the things that are God’s.